参考文献/References:
[1]Zhang M, Zhu X, Wu J, et al. Prevalence of Hyperuricemia Among Chinese Adults: Findings From Two Nationally Representative CrossSectional Surveys in 201516 and 201819[J]. Front Immunol, 2022，12:791983.[2]Richette P, Doherty M, Pascual E, et al. 2018 updated European League Against Rheumatism evidencebased recommendations for the diagnosis of gout[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2020,79(1):31-38.[3]中华医学会内分泌学分会.中国高尿酸血症与痛风诊疗指南（2019）[J].中华内分泌代谢杂志,2020,36(1):1-13.[4]FitzGerald JD, Dalbeth N, Mikuls T, et al. 2020 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout[J]. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2020,72(6):879-895.[5]Yip K, Cohen RE, Pillinger MH. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia: is it really asymptomatic?[J] Curr Opin Rheumatol,2020,32(1):71-79. [6]Wen S, Arakawa H, Tamai I. Uric acid in health and disease: From physiological functions to pathogenic mechanisms[J]. Pharmacol Ther,2024,256:108615.[7]Du L, Zong Y, Li H, et al. Hyperuricemia and its related diseases: mechanisms and advances in therapy[J]. Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2024,9(1):212.[8]Joosten LAB, Cri ? 塂 an TO, Bjornstad P, et al. Asymptomatic hyperuricaemia: a silent activator of the innate immune system[J]. Nat Rev Rheumatol, 2020,16(2):75-86. [9]Li D, Yuan S, Deng Y, et al. The dysregulation of immune cells induced by uric acid: mechanisms of inflammation associated with hyperuricemia and its complications[J]. Front Immunol,2023,14:1282890.[10]Maruhashi T, Hisatome I, Kihara Y, et al. Hyperuricemia and endothelial function: From molecular background to clinical perspectives[J]. Atherosclerosis,2018,278:226-231.[11]Balakumar P, Alqahtani A, Khan NA, et al. Mechanistic insights into hyperuricemiaassociated renal abnormalities with special emphasis on epithelialtomesenchymal transition: Pathologic implications and putative pharmacologic targets[J]. Pharmacol Res,2020,161:105209.[12]Campion EW, Glynn RJ, DeLabry LO. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia. Risks and consequences in the Normative Aging Study[J]. Am J Med,1987,82(3):421-426.[13]Sun M, Vazquez AI, Reynolds RJ, et al. Untangling the complex relationships between incident gout risk, serum urate, and its comorbidities[J]. Arthritis Res Ther, 2018,20(1):90.[14]Deng H, Zhang X, Cheng N, et al. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia associated with increased risk of nephrolithiasis: a crosssectional study[J]. BMC Public Health,2023,23(1):1525. [15]Koto R, Nakajima A, Horiuchi H, et al. Serum uric acid control for prevention of gout flare in patients with asymptomatic hyperuricaemia: a retrospective cohort study of health insurance claims and medical checkup data in Japan[J]. Ann Rheum Dis,2021,80(11):1483-1490.[16]Kimura K, Hosoya T, Uchida S, et al. Febuxostat Therapy for Patients With Stage 3 CKD and Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia: A Randomized Trial[J]. Am J Kidney Dis, 2018,72(6):798-810.[17]Ma H, Wang X, Guo X, et al. Distinct uric acid trajectories are associated with different risks of incident hypertension in middleaged adults[J]. Mayo Clin Proc,2019,94:611-619.[18]Mazza A, Lenti S, Schiavon L, et al. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia is a strong risk factor for resistant hypertension in elderly subjects from general population[J]. Biomed Pharmacother,2017,86:590-594. [19]Mazzali M, Hughes J, Kim YG, et al. Elevated uric acid increases blood pressure in the rat by a novel crystalindependent mechanism. Hypertension[J]. 2001,38(5):1101-1106.[20]Borghi C, Agnoletti D, Cicero AFG, et al. Uric Acid and Hypertension: a Review of Evidence and Future Perspectives for the Management of Cardiovascular Risk[J]. Hypertension,2022,79(9):1927-1936.[21]Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 European Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension[J]. Eur Heart J, 2018,39:3021-3194.[22]Feig DI, Soletsky B, Johnson RJ. Effect of allopurinol on blood pressure of adolescents with newly diagnosed essential hypertension: a randomized trial[J]. JAMA, 2008,300(8):924-932.[23]Beattie CJ, Fulton RL, Higgins P, et al. Allopurinol initiation and change in blood pressure in older adults with hypertension[J]. Hypertension, 2014,64:1102-1107.[24]Kodama S, Saito K, Yachi Y, et al. Association between serum uric acid and development of type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Care, 2009,32(9):1737-1742. [25]Su H, Liu T, Li Y, et al. Serum uric acid and its change with the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in China[J]. Prim Care Diabetes, 2021,15(6):1002-1006.[26]Bjornstad P, Laffel L, Lynch J, et al.TODAY Study Group. Elevated Serum Uric Acid Is Associated With Greater Risk for Hypertension and Diabetic Kidney Diseases in Obese Adolescents With Type 2 Diabetes: An Observational Analysis From the Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) Study[J]. Diabetes Care,2019,42(6):1120-1128.[27]Chen XY, Lu F, Zhang J, et al. The effect of hyperuricemia and its interaction with hypertension towards chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: evidence from a cross sectional study in Eastern China[J]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2024,15:1415459.[28]Li B, Chen L, Hu X, et al. Association of Serum Uric Acid With AllCause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Diabetes[J]. Diabetes Care,2023,46(2):425-433. [29]Zhang X, Zhang Z, Gao L, et al. Jshaped association of serum uric acid with allcause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with diabetic kidney disease[J]. Acta Diabetol, 2025,62(4):511-521.[30]Chen J, Ge J, Zha M, et al. Effects of Uric AcidLowering Treatment on Glycemia: A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis[J]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne),2020,11:577. [31]Alem MM. Effect of low dose allopurinol on glycemic control and glycemic variability in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A crosssectional study[J]. Heliyon, 2022,8(11):e11549.[32]Luo Q, Cai Y, Zhao Q, et al. Effects of allopurinol on renal function in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and metaanalysis[J]. Ren Fail,2022,44(1):806-814. [33]Chen R, Nie S, Zhou S, et al. Association between uratelowering therapy initiation and allcause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and asymptomatic hyperuricemia[J]. Diabetes Metab Syndr,2024,18(6):103043.[34]Waheed Y, Yang F, Sun D. Role of asymptomatic hyperuricemia in the progression of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease[J]. Korean J Intern Med, 2021,36(6):1281-1293.[35]Barnini C, Russo E, Leoncini G, et al. Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia and the Kidney: Lessons from the URRAH Study[J]. Metabolites,2025,15(1):11. [36]Wu N, Xia J, Chen S, et al. Serum uric acid and risk of incident chronic kidney disease: a national cohort study and updated metaanalysis[J]. Nutr Metab (Lond),2021, 18(1):94. [37]Oh TR, Choi HS, Kim CS, et al. Hyperuricemia has increased the risk of progression of chronic kidney disease: propensity score matching analysis from the KNOWCKD study[J]. Sci Rep,2019,9(1):6681.[38]Xia X, Luo Q, Li B, et al. Serum uric acid and mortality in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and metaanalysis[J]. Metabolism, 2016,65(9):1326-1341.[39]Ohashi Y, Kuriyama S, Nakano T, et al. Urate Transporter ABCG2 Function and Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study of CKD Progression[J]. Am J Kidney Dis, 2023,81(2):134-144.[40]Sellmayr M, Hernandez Petzsche MR, Ma Q, et al. Only Hyperuricemia with Crystalluria, but not Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia, Drives Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol,2020,31(12):2773-2792.[41]Lai SW, Liao KF, Kuo YH, et al. Comparison of benzbromarone and allopurinol on the risk of chronic kidney disease in people with asymptomatic hyperuricemia[J]. Eur J Intern Med,2023,113:91-97.[42]Luo Y, Song Q, Li J, et al. Effects of uric acidlowering therapy (ULT) on renal outcomes in CKD patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia: a systematic review and metaanalysis[J]. BMC Nephrol,2024,25(1):63.[43]Kojima S, Matsui K, Hiramitsu S, et al. Febuxostat for Cerebral and CaRdiorenovascular Events PrEvEntion StuDy[J]. Eur Heart J,2019,40(22):1778-1786. [44]Chen J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of febuxostat and allopurinol in chronic kidney disease stage 35 patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia: a network metaanalysis[J]. Ren Fail,2025, 47(1):2470478.[45]Kohagura K, Satoh A, Kochi M, et al. Uratelowering drugs for chronic kidney disease with asymptomatic hyperuricemia and hypertension: a randomized trial[J]. J Hypertens, 2023,41(9):1420-1428.[46]Badve SV, Pascoe EM, Tiku A, et al. Effects of Allopurinol on the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease[J]. N Engl J Med,2020,382(26):2504-2513.[47]Chen R, Pang M, Zhang Y, et al. Associations of serum uric acid, risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and mortality: results from NHANES[J]. Eur J Med Res, 2025, 30(1):283.[48]Kim JY, Seo C, Pak H, et al. Uric Acid and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality: A Longitudinal Cohort Study[J]. J Korean Med Sci,2023,38(38):e302.[49]Qin S, Xiang M, Gao L, et al. Uric acid is a biomarker for heart failure, but not therapeutic target: result from a comprehensive metaanalysis[J]. ESC Heart Fail, 2024,11(1):78-90. [50]Gao Z, Shi H, Xu W, et al. Hyperuricemia Increases the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis[J]. Int J Endocrinol,2022,2022:8172639.[51]Talpur AS, Fattah A, Hewadmal H, et al. Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia as an Independent Risk Factor for Myocardial Infarction in Adult Population: A FourYear FollowUp Study[J]. Cureus,2023,15(2):e34614.[52]Chen C, Dong J, Lv Q, et al. Effect of Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia on Mortality of Elderly Patients After Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention[J]. Front Cardiovasc Med,2022, 9:800414.[53]Cheng Z, Zheng T, Zhang D, et al. Highlevel uric acid in asymptomatic hyperuricemia could be an isolated risk factor of cardiocerebrovascular diseases: A prospective cohort study[J]. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 2021,31(12):3415-3425.[54]Virdis A, Masi S, Casiglia E, et al. from the Working Group on Uric Acid and Cardiovascular Risk of the Italian Society of Hypertension. Identification of the uric acid thresholds predicting an increased total and cardiovascular mortality over 20 years[J]. Hypertension,2020,75:302-308. [55]van der Pol KH, Wever KE, Verbakel M, et al. Allopurinol to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: A systematic review and metaanalysis[J]. PLoS One, 2021,16(12):e0260844.[56]Kojima S, Uchiyama K, Yokota N, et al. Optimal uric acid levels by febuxostat treatment and cerebral, cardiorenovascular risks: post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial[J]. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2022,61(6):2346-2359.[57]Kusunose K, Yoshida H, Tanaka A, et al. Effect of febuxostat on left ventricular diastolic function in patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia: a sub analysis of the PRIZE Study[J]. Hypertens Res,2022,45(1):106-115.[58]Maruhashi T, Higashi Y, Yoshida H, et al. LongTerm Effect of Febuxostat on Endothelial Function in Patients With Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia: A SubAnalysis of the PRIZE Study[J]. Front Cardiovasc Med, 2022,9:882821.[59]Hashimoto H, Takeuchi M, Kawakami K. Association between uratelowering therapy and cardiovascular events in patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia[J]. Clin Rheumatol,2023,42(11):3075-3082.[60]Tanaka A, Taguchi I, Teragawa H, et al. Febuxostat does not delay progression of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia: A randomized, controlled trial[J]. PLoS Med,2020,17(4):e1003095.[61]Mackenzie IS, Hawkey CJ, Ford I, et al. Allopurinol versus usual care in UK patients with ischaemic heart disease (ALLHEART): a multicentre, prospective, randomised, openlabel, blindedendpoint trial[J]. Lancet,2022,400(10359):1195-1205.[62]Sivera F, Andrés M, Carmona L, et al. Multinational evidencebased recommendations for the diagnosis and management of gout: integrating systematic literature review and expert opinion of a broad panel of rheumatologists in the 3e initiative[J]. Ann Rheum Dis,2014,73(2):328-335.[63]Lorenzo JPP, Sollano MHMZ, Salido EO, et al. 2021 AsiaPacific League of Associations for Rheumatology clinical practice guideline for treatment of gout[J]. Int J Rheum Dis,2022,25(1):7-20.[64]Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease[J]. Kidney Int,2024,105(4S):S117-S314.[65]Hisatome I, Ichida K, Mineo I, et al. Japanese Society of Gout and Uric & Nucleic Acids 2019 Guidelines for Management of Hyperuricemia and Gout 3rd edition[J]. Gout Uric Nucleic Acids, 2020, 44(suppl):S1-40.[66]中国医师协会心血管内科医师分会，中国医师协会循证医学专业委员会. 无症状高尿酸血症合并心血管疾病诊治建议中国专家共识[J]. 中国全科医学,2010(11):1145-1149.[67]中国医师协会肾脏内科医师分会. 中国肾脏疾病高尿酸血症诊治的实践指南 (2017 版)[J]. 中华医学杂志,2017(25):1927-1936.[68]姜一农.高血压伴无症状高尿酸血症管理中国专家共识[J].中华高血压杂志, 2022(11):1014-1019,1000.[69]中国民族卫生协会重症代谢疾病分会高尿酸血症相关疾病诊疗多学科共识专家组. 中国高尿酸血症相关疾病诊疗多学科专家共识（2023年版）[J]. 中国实用内科杂志, 2023, 43(6): 461-480.[70]Sun M, Lyu Z, Wang C, et al. 2024 Update of Chinese Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyperuricemia and Gout Part I: Recommendations for General Patients[J]. Int J Rheum Dis, 2025, 28(7):e70375.[71]Valsaraj R, Singh AK, Gangopadhyay KK, et al. Management of asymptomatic hyperuricemia: Integrated Diabetes &Endocrine Academy (IDEA) consensus statement[J]. Diabetes Metab Syndr,2020,14(2):93-100.[72]Borghi C, DomienikKarowicz J, Tykarski A, et al. Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with hyperuricemia and high cardiovascular risk: 2023 update[J]. Cardiol J, 2024, 31(1):1-14.